sovereign debt

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Twenty Centuries of Financial Data: What 240 Countries and 2,000 Years Reveal Twenty Centuries of Financial Data: What 240 Countries and 2,000 Years Reveal
23 min read Keywords:  forex, exchange rates, fat tails, gold, silver, interest rates, commodity prices, sovereign debt, volatility, medieval finance, currency crisis, open data

We assembled forex-centuries, an open dataset of exchange rates, gold, silver, interest rates, commodity prices, GDP, sovereign debt, and more — 27 sources spanning 1 CE to 2026, covering 240 countries. Fat tails are universal. Pegged currencies are the most dangerous. Every currency loses against gold.